Efficient electrode material of restacked Na–V2O5–graphene nanocomposite for Na-ion batteries
Graphical abstract
Introduction
As an alternative energy storage device to Li-ion batteries (LIB), Na-ion batteries (NIB) receive prime attention interest because of rich abundance and cheap price of sodium element [1], [2]. Increasing research activity has been devoted for the development of high performance electrode materials for NIB [2], [3]. Many kinds of layered inorganic solids like layered vanadium oxide are employed as electrode for NIB [4], [5]. A coupling with highly conductive species like graphene can improve the electrode performance of vanadium oxide [6], [7]. Taking into account the negative surface charge and 2D morphology of the V2O5 nanosheet [8], this material can form stable colloidal mixture with reduced graphene oxide (rG-O) nanosheet having similar chemical nature. The restacking of this colloidal mixture with Na+ ions can yield Na–V2O5–rG-O nanocomposite [9], a promising electrode material for NIB. However, at the time of this submission, we are unaware of research about the application of the colloidal mixture of metal oxide nanosheet and rG-O for the synthesis of NIB electrode materials.
In this study, mesoporous Na–V2O5–graphene nanocomposite is synthesized by restacking of the colloidal mixtures of V2O5 and rG-O nanosheets with Na+ ions, as illustrated in the left panel of Fig. 1. The resulting nanocomposite is applied as an electrode material for NIB to probe the usefulness of restacking of V2O5 nanosheet with rG-O in exploring new efficient Na-ion electrode materials.
Section snippets
Experimental
The V2O5 nanosheet was prepared by the hydrothermal treatment of the bulk V2O5 powder in the presence of H2O2, whereas the rG-O nanosheet was prepared by modified Hummers’ method [10]. The anionic states of the V2O5 and rG-O nanosheets were confirmed by zeta potential measurements showing negative potential of −19 and −51 mV, respectively (see Supplementary Information Fig. S1). The homogeneous colloidal mixture of V2O5 and rG-O nanosheets was prepared by mixing 20 ml of 0.025 wt% rG-O aqueous
Results and discussion
As plotted in the right panel of Fig. 1, V2O5 nanosheet demonstrates a series of (00l) reflections with the interlayer distance of 11.7 Å, which is in good agreement with the previously reported data [11], [12]. After the restacking with Na+ ions, the (00l) reflection appears, clearly demonstrating the layer-by-layer-ordering of V2O5 nanosheets. A similar XRD pattern is observed for the Na–V2O5–graphene nanocomposite, confirming the interstratification of V2O5 nanosheets. Due to the high
Conclusions
Mesoporous Na–V2O5–rG-O nanocomposite can be easily synthesized by the restacking of the colloidal mixture of V2O5 and rG-O nanosheets with Na+ ions. The composite formation with rG-O leads to the significant improvement of electrode performance of Na–V2O5 nanocomposite for NIB, which is attributable to the improvement of charge transport property and surface expansion upon the incorporation of rG-O. This study clearly demonstrates that the restacking of inorganic nanosheet with rG-O can
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. NRF-2014R1A2A1A10052809) and by the Global Frontier R&D Program (2013-073298) on Center for Hybrid Interface Materials (HIM). The authors are grateful for Dr. N.-S. Lee (NINT, POSTECH) for TEM measurement. The experiments at PAL were supported in part by MOST and POSTECH.
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