The structure–property relationship in transition metal oxides is of crucial importance in designing and synthesizing economically feasible high-performance electrocatalysts. Since cation substitution allows to finely tailor the atomic arrangement, structural distortion, and electrocatalytic performance of transition metal oxides, a relationship between local structural order and electrocatalytic activity in crystalline manganese oxide can be systematically investigated by in situ X-ray absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analyses for unsubstituted and Fe-substituted α-Mn_1−xFe_xO₂ during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The substitution of Mn with Fe is quite effective in improving the OER activity of α-MnO₂ to reach a small overpotential of 0.40 V at 10 mA cm⁻². Under OER conditions, the Fe substitution improves the local structural order of MnO₆ octahedra in the α-MnO₂ lattice, thus leading to a significant enhancement of charge transport kinetics. Since the Fe substitution induces only a limited alteration of the electronic structure and the substituted Fe ion itself shows only a negligible contribution to the OER activity, the excellent OER functionality of Fe-substituted α-Mn_1−xFe_xO₂ is attributable mainly to the improvement of local structural ordering upon Fe substitution. The present study underscores the crucial role of local structural order in optimizing the electrocatalytic functionality of crystalline transition metal oxides.